DeSci, the decentralized science, takes blockchain technology as its core and attempts to fundamentally change the structure and operation of traditional scientific research.

Faced with multiple contradictions such as resource concentration, rigid management, and limited knowledge dissemination, the traditional scientific research model is increasingly showing its inherent flaws, and DeSci is appearing as a disruptor, opening up a new scientific research paradigm. .

DeSci proposed a new model with the community as the core and transparency as the foundation: through the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), the distribution of scientific research funds and resources becomes more equitable; The scientific research process not only eliminates corruption, but also provides a verifiable trust mechanism for the public and researchers. In addition, DeSci advocates open access to academic results, allowing scientific research to break through the barriers of publishing costs, promoting data sharing and knowledge dissemination, and providing a new path for science to benefit society.

Although DeSci is still in its early exploration stage, its potential cannot be ignored, for example, breaking the concentration of resources and opportunities in the traditional scientific research system, improving research accessibility and transparency, and encouraging broader community participation. and collaboration and new governance and funding models for scientific work, among others. Just as the open source software revolution has changed the landscape of technology development, DeSci is also expected to become the "open source movement" in the field of scientific research. It not only carries the vision of fair distribution of resources, but may also become an accelerator for the democratization of science and return the future of scientific research to the global community. DeSci, a new scientific research model that emphasizes transparency, open access and social participation, represents an important direction of change in the field of scientific research. Although DeSci is still in its early stages of development, it provides new possibilities for solving structural problems in the traditional scientific research system.

As a supporter of cutting-edge innovative technologies, OKX Ventures conducted in-depth research on this track and came to the following core conclusions:

Conclusion 1: The DeSci track is highly popular, but the market In the early stages of gaming

As an emerging field, DeSci has attracted a lot of user attention, but asset liquidity and market maturity are still insufficient. Take the leading project VitaDAO as an example. Its valuation system has not yet stabilized, and its market performance is highly volatile and has a short cycle. This shows that the overall DeSci ecosystem is still in the early exploratory stage and it will take time to develop to establish mature valuation standards.

Conclusion 2: Scientific research funding projects such as BioDAO face closed-loop challenges

BioDAO is regarded as the "DeFi protocol" in the field of scientific research, and its innovative funding mechanism and clear Roadmap have laid the foundation for its future development . However, the quantifiable path from financial support to the transformation of scientific research results has not yet been fully established. The lack of a clear feedback loop can be a major obstacle to attracting trust and financial support in the long term.

Conclusion 3: Meme-driven is the core of DeSci’s current narrative

Although the concept of DeSci is rooted in scientific research, the current popularity relies more onPowered by Meme. For example, Sci-Hub serves as a symbolic symbol of community, attracting high levels of engagement but insufficient actual conversion. Similarly, the project pump.science encourages "storytelling" teams, but the experimental mechanism needs further optimization. If DeSci wants to break through, it needs the support and promotion of authoritative figures in the scientific field.

Conclusion 4: There is still a long way to go to product implementation and marketization

Even for relatively mature projects such as VitaDAO, its flagship products have not yet achieved significant market influence. Compared with traditional scientific research enterprises such as Altos Lab, The difference is obvious. Most DeSci projects remain in the proof-of-concept or small-scale experimental stage, and are not yet able to undertake the complex project management and data verification processes required for serious scientific research. There is still a long way to go before industrialization.

Conclusion 5: Return to the core advantages of blockchain and break through implementation problems

DeSci’s future applications should give full play to the core capabilities of blockchain technology, such as data traceability and decentralization. Fund allocation, verifiable academic publishing and peer review, etc. In the short term, it will be more difficult to integrate with complex offline scenarios, so it is more suitable to prioritize the development of scientific research scenarios that adapt to the advantages of blockchain and achieve steady advancement.

1. DeSci methods and use cases

As an innovative application of Web3 technology in the field of scientific research, DeSci is solving the core pain points in traditional science (TradSci) through a series of key methods and specific use cases.

Innovating traditional scientific research methods, DeSci currently provides three key solutions, covering fairness and decentralization of fund distribution, openness and security of data and publications, and promoting reproducibility of scientific research.

In terms of fairness and decentralization of fund allocation, the allocation of traditional scientific research funds is usually concentrated in a few authoritative institutions, while DeSci relies on the secondary donation mechanism and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) through smart contracts. Achieve transparent management and distribution of funds. This mechanism not only lowers the threshold for researchers to obtain funds, but also provides support for innovative and diverse scientific research projects and promotes the fair allocation of global scientific research resources.

In terms of openness and security of data and publications, DeSci stores scientific research data and publications on public ledgers through a decentralized research repository based on blockchain, ensuring that results are traceable and transparent. Smart contracts provide a fair distribution mechanism for data access, allowing researchers and institutions to share and use critical data resources while protecting intellectual property.

In terms of promoting the reproducibility of scientific research, confirmatory experiments and data reproducibility are crucial in scientific research. DeSci rewards repeatable research practices by introducing a token incentive mechanism and reputation system. Blockchain-based smart contracts also support a transparent peer review process to ensure the reliability and authenticity of scientific research findings.

Four major uses of DeSci in practiceExamples include decentralization of academic publishing, transparent management of research funds, innovative models of data sharing and collaboration, and transparency of peer review.

Specifically, first, the DeSci platform establishes a decentralized repository to allow researchers to publish work results directly. This not only breaks down the barriers of traditional academic journals, but also significantly expands the accessibility of scientific knowledge and provides a new path for scientific popularization and progress. Second, the DeSci platform adopts a decentralized fund allocation mechanism to provide transparent support for research projects through crowdfunding and smart contracts. Contributors are rewarded based on the quality of their research work, avoiding corruption and waste of resources in traditional fund management. Third, the DeSci platform based on blockchain technology facilitates the secure sharing of research data. Data can be monetized through tokenization while ensuring scientists’ ownership of their research results, promoting the efficiency of international scientific research collaboration. Fourth, the DeSci platform enhances the credibility of scientific publications by creating a public archive of research contributions and peer review activities through immutable blockchain records. This transparent accountability mechanism promotes a more open environment for scholarly communication.

As a disruptive force in traditional scientific research, DeSci is redefining scientific governance through technology-driven transparency, openness and fairness. Although this field is still in its early stages of development, its potential is already evident: from academic publishing to data collaboration, from funding allocation to research review, DeSci is gradually becoming a key force in driving scientific change.

2. Overview of the DeSci track

Decentralized science (DeSci) is leading innovative changes in various stages of scientific research through token incentive mechanisms and modular design. From democratizing funding decisions to promoting open access to scientific knowledge, DeSci's goal remains the same: to break the constraints of traditional scientific research and provide a more transparent and equitable scientific research ecosystem for scientists around the world. The following are DeSci’s specific practices and achievements in open publishing and decentralized scientific research.

(1) Open publishing platform

The traditional scientific publishing process is slow and expensive, while the decentralized publishing platform improves the dissemination efficiency of scientific research through open and instant knowledge sharing. These DeSci platforms allow researchers to publicly publish papers, datasets, and methods, while introducing interactive peer review and social collaboration tools.

ResearchHub incentivizes peer reviewers to provide professional feedback on published research by introducing a token-based reward mechanism. Smart contracts automatically pay out rewards after reviews are completed and verified, ensuring reviewers receive fair and timely rewards.

DeSci Labs focuses on using blockchain technology to ensure the integrity of scientific data, protecting published materials through tamper-proof records, and providing strong anti-censorship and anti-loss capabilities. Its DeSci Nodes allow researchers to create and publish FAIR data standards-basedResearch objects are stored in an open decentralized data warehouse and connected through a permanent unique identifier and a decentralized resolver system to support citation and accumulate academic credit. These research objects include: manuscripts, code, data sets, videos, etc.

Developers can implement this through the open publishing platform, build applications on the open data layer, and implement custom coordination and value accumulation mechanisms. It can also be applied and integrated with other DeSci stack modules, such as using the review results of the publishing platform or OpSci's influence NFT to verify the researcher's identity and historical achievements.

Through the DeSci project, researchers and their datasets, methods and results can be tokenized, including the release of manuscripts. Traditional journal publishing models that require payment of upload or access fees will be replaced by decentralized data layers and marketplace platforms. In this model: Researchers can freely display manuscripts, similar to how NFTs are publicly displayed on platforms such as OpenSea. Additionally, platform fees will be geared toward users who wish to buy or sell ownership of research results, rather than authors or readers.

As these development and publishing platforms continue to develop, decentralized identity and reputation systems will gradually emerge. These systems help break down information silos and remove traditional “gatekeeper” barriers, thereby promoting the free flow of ideas between different research environments.

(2) Research on DAO

DAO is one of the core practices of DeSci. It is a collective decision-making mechanism coordinated through blockchain and smart contracts that allows community members to jointly fund and manage scientific projects. Research DAOs typically revolve around a specific scientific theme, such as longevity, genetics, or environmental science, using a tokenized governance model to allow funders, researchers, and the public to jointly decide the direction of research.

For example, BIO Eco: Life and Longevity VitaDao, Climate Change and Food Security ValleyDAO, Women’s Health Athena DAO, Hair Loss Treatment Hair DAO and others such as FrontierDAO and VibeBio are dedicated to space, fusion energy, climate and biology respectively. Research investments in technology startups.

Traditional funding models tend to support low-risk large-scale projects, while DAO can fund more high-risk, high-innovation potential “small-amount” research. The DAO’s decentralized governance mechanism avoids the bureaucracy of traditional funding agencies and provides greater freedom for scientific research.

(3) Financing and IP Platform

DeSci’s funding and intellectual property (IP) projects promote the democratization of funding, ownership, and commercialization of scientific innovation through blockchain technology. Such projects include the issuance of tokenized platforms that represent fractional ownership of research projects, and the integration of blockchain-based grant management systems—features also adopted by some research DAOs.

Many DeSci funding platforms are tokenizedAssets support research and protect intellectual property, allowing community members to issue awards for specific scientific directions, and scientists can apply for these funds for research. Additionally, researchers will be able to seek community funding and support for independent projects, promoting a more inclusive science funding model. This mechanism ensures that funding flows to broadly supported projects and enables research efforts to meet the diverse needs of the scientific community.

Molecule is an intellectual property financing and tokenization platform focusing on the biopharmaceutical field. To date, the platform has distributed approximately $2 million to different research DAOs through its IP-NFT protocol and has driven the entire ecosystem’s TVL to $30 million.

Bio.xyz: an on-chain science version of Y Combinator incubated by Molecule, focused on accelerating scientific innovation.

For scientists, funding is a pain point. They spend a lot of time writing grant applications, but their success in getting funding depends largely on their H-index, which is used to quantify the impact of a scientist's paper. Under pressure, scientists often chase new hot topics to attract attention. Ultimately, insufficient and unstable funding will not only reduce scientific research output, but also lead to biased selection of research projects and even lead to "replication crisis" problems.

DeSci advocates replacing the h-index with NFTs, which can assess other important factors such as expertise, teaching ability, mentoring skills, and collaboration with other scientists. In order to maintain operations, DAO can realize the intellectual property generated by its funded research through the introduction of IP-NFTs. Through the Molecule Marketplace, research projects can be connected with potential investors, and research results are stored in the form of IP-NFT metadata. IP-NFTs provide legal protection for research results and are an innovative alternative to traditional patents. Traditional patents tend to block and restrict data, slowing down the speed of scientific discovery, while IP-NFT is open and flexible and provides the following monetization methods:

Licensing IP for commercialization: licensing intellectual property to other institutions.

Split ownership with partners: Share value by splitting intellectual property.

Trade data on the open market: Continuously generate royalties for creators.

Lending as collateral: Financing using the value of intellectual property.

IP-NFT can also bring new research coordination mechanisms, such as:

Access control: Only verified participants can contribute to research and receive compensation.

Over time, many DAOs may develop from a single funding function to comprehensive communities that fully cover other aspects of the research economy. In addition to these tokenized seed funding platforms, more decentralized secondary markets may emerge in the future. These marketplaces will enable researchers and funders toAbility to transfer ownership of intellectual property or license it to other investors and community members, furthering the commercialization and collaboration of scientific innovations.

(4) Medical Data Network

The decentralized medical data network aims to create a safer, more efficient and equitable healthcare system through the use of distributed databases and collaborative research tools . These platforms can aggregate and analyze multiple data sets (such as clinical trial results, patient records, and genetic data), improving data accessibility while protecting patient privacy. This area is particularly critical as medical data continues to grow in importance, personalized medicine becomes more prevalent, and patients increasingly demand data protection and shared control.

Given the complexity of the healthcare industry, the goals of the decentralized medical data network cover long-term development and diverse priorities:

GenomesDAO provides a decentralized, secure genomic database Store and share historical genomic data to support long-term drug development.

Life Network: Users can control and monetize DNA data, earn rewards for healthy living, and enable researchers and developers to build personalized genomic applications.

Hippocrat develops systems that track patient treatment progress in real-time and securely share real-time data among authorized stakeholders.

Data Lake: Allows individuals to tokenize and sell health data and medical records to researchers.

As this field continues to evolve, adoption of decentralized identity systems will gradually increase, enabling seamless, secure access to healthcare services across different service providers and jurisdictions. This will improve continuity of care and enhance the overall patient experience.

(5) Infrastructure

The infrastructure project is committed to building secure, scalable and interoperable systems to meet the diverse needs of the global scientific community. These systems include decentralized governance tools, storage solutions, and systems that can identify users across different platforms and institutions. These solutions allow other DeSci teams to focus on their core scientific research goals without worrying about the complexity of building and maintaining back-end systems.

1. Decentralized storage and computing

Arweave and Filecoin: support distributed storage and sharing of scientific data and NFTs (such as IP-NFTs, Impact Certificates).

Bacalhau: Supports direct calculation of data storage location (Compute Over Data) and generates unique content identifiers (CID) to ensure data repeatability and verifiability.

2. Collaboration mechanism and value realization

Lab.bio provides researchers with open access to biological machine learning models and experimental tools without the need forExpensive local resource provisioning and hosting requirements.

Coordination Network provides AI-powered tools for study aggregation and data extraction, proposal review and drafting, and research candidate recruitment.

OpSci: Unlike IP-NFT, OpSci uses "Impact Certificate (Impact Certificate) NFT" to tokenize the researcher's identity, qualifications and projects.

3. Impact Certificate cooperation tool

Holonym: zkDID, Web3 scientist yellow pages, allowing users to log in through academic credentials.

Hypercerts: ERC-1155 standard tokens used to track research methods, data sets and results. Researchers can attract funding by transparently demonstrating research progress while protecting data ownership.

The DeSci collaborative model not only enables researchers to obtain financial support more equitably, but also improves the efficiency and credibility of scientific research globally through publicly verified data sets. In order to widely promote DeSci, it is crucial to improve the user-friendliness and value of the platform, especially for those users who lack Web3 experience. Although some projects choose to build their own infrastructure, modularity and flexible components are still necessary.

(6) DeSci Memes

Scientific researchers face many challenges in obtaining funds in the early stages, and there are also significant difficulties in raising funds through the issuance of memecoin. First, most of the public lacks scientific research knowledge and finds it difficult to effectively support complex projects. In addition, scientific research usually takes 5 to 10 years from initial research to actual results, and memecoin prices fluctuate violently, making it difficult to provide stable funding for long-term research. However, DeSci's liquidity exit mechanism provides flexible funding guarantees for scientific research projects, and has indeed helped some scientific research teams at the financial level and brought actual funding results. Other benefits include:

Cultural dissemination and promotion: As a cultural output and propaganda tool, DeSci meme effectively directs the attention of the encryption community to the field of DeSci and scientific research.

Incentive mechanism: DeSci meme creates a positive value cycle by allowing fund investors to participate in gamified incentives and speculative games, which not only increases the liquidity of funds, but also enhances investors’ sense of participation. and interests.

3. Introduction to hot projects

(1) BIO DAO

BIO DAO is a startup and acceleration platform focusing on decentralized science (DeSci), bringing together scientists, patients and investors , using blockchain technology to subvert the traditional scientific research funding model. Through the financial infrastructure of the BIO protocol, BIO DAO provides on-chain organizational tools, financing support, and intellectual property (IP) tokenization solutionsproject to create a transparent and efficient scientific research funding ecosystem. Since its establishment, BIO DAO has promoted the development of 6 BioDAOs with a total valuation of more than 180 million US dollars, and has put more than 10 million US dollars of scientific research IP on the chain through the Molecule platform.

BIO DAO’s financing capabilities have attracted much attention: it will complete strategic financing (investors include Binance Labs) and Genesis auction (raising US$6.22 million) in 2024. Its core technologies include IP-NFT and IPT token mechanisms, which enable transactions and sharing of scientific research results. In addition, BIO DAO supports the implementation of HairDAO (hair loss treatment), CerebrumDAO (brain health research) and other projects, showing the strong potential of the decentralized scientific research model. In the field of DeSci, where challenges and opportunities coexist, BIO DAO is opening up new paths for scientific research funding through innovative models and interdisciplinary cooperation.

(2) VitaDAO

VitaDAO is a groundbreaking program dedicated to extending human lifespan, focusing on supporting early research and development projects in longevity science around the world. Different from the traditional scientific research funding model, VitaDAO uses blockchain technology and the DAO governance mechanism to allow ordinary investors and professional institutions to participate together, providing more open and diverse investment opportunities. The platform’s core governance token $VITA enables token holders to participate in key matters such as funding decisions and intellectual property management, and ensures transparency and fairness in the community through the on-chain voting process. VitaDAO’s investment cases in the field of longevity, such as its support for Turn.bio, highlight its acumen in cutting-edge science investments.

VitaDAO executes matters voted by the DAO through the Canadian entity VitaDAO Global Services, Inc. This ensures that the execution rights of project funding are concentrated within the protected entity while providing legal protection for token holders. This structure can refuse to implement DAO decisions in extreme cases and allow stakeholders to seek resolution through legal channels. In addition, VitaDAO is also promoting the research and development of the drug candidate ARTAN-102 through cooperation with Lonza and launching the VitaLabs scholarship program to further promote innovation in the field of longevity by global scientific research talents. In the future, VitaDAO will continue to bring more breakthroughs to longevity scientific research through decentralized funding and governance models.

(3) PumpScience

Pump.Science is a decentralized science (DeSci) platform launched by Molecule DAO, aiming to fund longevity research through cryptocurrency and gamification mechanisms. support. Platform turns anti-aging research into participatory prediction game, encouragingEncourage the crypto community to fund scientific experiments by buying and trading tokens. Users can track the progress of experiments in real time and evaluate the value of experimental results through the appreciation or decline of tokens. Through this innovative model, Pump.Science hopes to open up new paths in the field of DeSci, promote the commercialization of longevity science and accelerate the transformation of research results.

Pump.Science’s operating model includes drug developers submitting experimental proposals and paying SOL tokens as experimental fees, and then raising funds on the platform by issuing tokens. Experiments are divided into multiple levels, from nematode experiments to mouse experiments, and different research progress is unlocked based on token sales. Experimental data are updated live in real time, allowing participants to participate and evaluate scientific research results. The platform provides flexible and continuous financial support through a token incentive mechanism, breaking through the limitations of traditional scientific research funds. Although ethical review and experimental design still need to be improved, its gamification and decentralized model has brought great benefits to the scientific research field. A new impetus.

(4) Sci-Hub

Sci-Hub, founded in 2011 by Kazakhstani graduate student Alexandra Erbakian, aims to bypass academic publishers A paywall that provides free access to scientific research papers. It has stored more than 85 million academic articles as of February 2021, becoming an important resource for the global academic community, especially among academic institutions that cannot afford high subscription fees. Although its operations have sparked multiple legal disputes with publishers such as Elsevier, Erbakian insists that much of the scientific research funded by the company should be made available to the public. Recently, Sci-Hub launched the SCIHUB token to maintain platform operations and promote community participation, but this token has also caused controversy over the method of raising funds.

The launch of SCIHUB token aims to raise funds through cryptocurrency to maintain the operation of Sci-Hub and promote the platform ecosystem. Founder Erbakian can sell up to 1% of his tokens (approximately 10 million) each month, with the goal of raising $20,000. However, some people believe that raising funds by hyping meme coins is inconsistent with the original intention of supporting scientific research. The tokens lack actual value, and even accuse them of having a "rat warehouse" problem. However, some supporters believe that this method is an innovative fund-raising model that can increase community participation, similar to the concept of lottery, and inspire more people to support scientific research. The future application and value of SCIHUB tokens still need to be further developed and verified.

(5) ResearchHub

ResearchHub (RH) is a decentralized scientific research platform co-founded by CoinBase CEO Brian Armstrong, aiming to break the closed nature of traditional peer-reviewed journals. The core concept of RH is to make scientific research results no longer hidden behind paywalls. Scientists can publish, like and comment on research results on the platform, similar toThe HackerNews of science. In addition, RH pays $150 for peer review per article, a practice that is particularly popular among researchers in developing countries. Since its inception, RH has completed 2,800 peer reviews, with turnaround times well below those of traditional journal systems. As U.S. legislation requires open access for federally funded research, RH announced that it will expand into a journal platform, launching free preprints, open access publishing and paid peer review services.

ResearchHub is not only a decentralized science platform, but also part of the "open science" movement. By providing open peer review and rapid article processing, RH greatly improves scientific research efficiency. One of RH's core innovations is the introduction of a prediction market to promote the replicability and verifiability of scientific research results through pre-registration and prediction of research results. RH plans to redefine "real" scientific research standards through this innovative mechanism, especially under the financial and time pressures commonly faced by academia, to provide scientific researchers with a more efficient and fair working environment.

(6) Life Network

Life Network is an emerging platform focusing on biotechnology, longevity and artificial intelligence. It is committed to promoting the research and innovation of genetic data through DAO and platform mechanisms. . The core mechanisms of the project include: DAO mechanism, which encourages researchers to conduct required genetic and health-related research through the blockchain, and promotes the scientific exploration of genetic data. Through the platform mechanism, users upload their own DNA data to the Internet, and researchers and developers can conduct research or develop AI-driven applications based on these data. Life Network hopes to maintain long-term user participation and promote the continuous contribution of data by continuously providing services and analysis.

DNA sampling and gene sequencing technologies are increasingly mature, and companies such as 23andMe already have more than 14.8 million users, driving the rapid growth of the global genomics market. Life Network occupies a niche in this rapidly growing market by providing decentralized genetic data storage and privacy protection solutions. Its core products include: Life Network, a decentralized platform that empowers users to manage their own DNA data, ensures data ownership and privacy protection through methods such as GeneNFT, and provides researchers with data access transparency. Life App, a mobile application that attracts users, provides personalized genetic analysis and health advice, and provides users with customized health services through the Life Marketplace. Through the support of blockchain technology, this project ensures the privacy, security and transparency of user data, while maximizing the commercialization potential of genetic data and promoting innovation in fields such as medical care, nutrition and behavioral health.

4. Challenges and risks in the development of DeSci

OKX Ventures believes that although decentralized science (DeSci) has demonstrated tremendouspotential, but still faces many challenges in the development process. Although its innovative protocols and models have attracted widespread attention in the scientific research field, it still takes time to verify whether it can successfully capture value and achieve sustainable operations.

In terms of intellectual property management, DeSci is facing a major test of commercialization. The uncertainty of scientific research results makes the model of intellectual property tokenization through IP-NFT full of risks. If communities are unable to effectively convert these intellectual property rights into sustainable revenue streams, the economic structure of the project will suffer. At the same time, cooperation with traditional scientific research institutions often means the transfer of most IP, which requires DAO to invest a lot of resources in complex negotiations and increase operating costs.

Decentralized identity and data verification protocols are still in their early stages when it comes to verifiability. Researchers may falsify their qualifications to obtain funding, or even engage in illegal research, increasing risks. At the same time, open access journals have a higher proportion of fake papers, which affects the credibility of research and leads to uneven scientific quality. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish strong reputation and governance systems to ensure the reliability of research results.

Although open and verifiable methods help improve the reproducibility of research, DeSci currently lacks sufficient incentives to promote replicative research and verification efforts. At this stage, the scientific research community’s support for confirmatory research is relatively weak, which directly affects the robustness and reliability of scientific discoveries.

Compliance issues are also a major challenge in the development of DeSci. Decentralized storage protocols may not fully comply with the requirements of data privacy regulations such as GDPR and HIPAA, which means projects must work closely with regulatory agencies to ensure compliance. In addition, many open science platforms struggle to maintain low-cost operations, which limits their attractiveness to more researchers and affects the long-term sustainability of projects.

In addition, the gender imbalance problem also restricts the further development of DeSci. At present, the scientific research field is still dominated by men, which may lead to the neglect of some research directions, especially issues such as women's health. Promoting diverse participation across gender and backgrounds is critical to ensuring that scientific research is comprehensive and equitable.

Despite these challenges, DeSci still has great potential for development. To achieve its goals, DeSci must make breakthroughs in solving intellectual property commercialization, strengthening data verification systems, establishing incentive mechanisms, ensuring compliance, and promoting diverse participation. As these problems are gradually resolved, DeSci is expected to bring far-reaching changes to global scientific research.

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