According to Golden Finance, Anurag Arjun, co-founder of the unified chain abstract solutions Avail and Polygon layer-2 expansion solutions, said that most chain abstract technologies currently cause the cryptocurrency ecosystem to be more fragmented. The technology founder said that each different blockchain foundation layer has its own set of security assumptions, which puts interoperability between chains at a challenge. Arjun explained: "They have their own validators and crypto-economic security. So you have to create infrastructure called light clients, such as two-way light clients. This is the main bottleneck in general. Avail co-founder adds Chain vs. Chain vs. Chain The bridging between the two is usually a multi-step communication process between blockchain networks, which is costly and has high security risks, and will isolate users and capital into scattered pools.